Des implants de moelle épinière pour aider les personnes paralysées à remarcher

Revolutionary spinal cord implant helps paralysed patients walk again

A small group of paraplegic patients have once again been able to take steps after researchers implanted a device to electrically stimulate their spinal cords. Two separate teams of scientists have revealed for the first time that the technique, together with physical training, has allowed three out of the five people treated to walk again after losing all voluntary movement below the site of an injury.

Spinal cord = la moëlle épinière

To be able to = être capable de

To take steps = faire quelques pas

A device = un système/ dispositif/ appareil

A team = une équipe

A scientist = un scientifique

Physical training = une préparation physique

To allow = permettre

Three out of the five = trois sur cinq (3/5)

Treated = ayant reçu le traitement

To lose, lost, lost = perdre

Below = en dessous

An injury = une blessure

“It is incredible to be able to be in there and actually see them taking their first steps,” said Dr Claudia Angeli of Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center at the University of Louisville, and a co-author of one of the studies. “It is an emotional time for the individual [themselves] because it is something that they have been told they are never going to be able to do again.”

Actually = en fait

They have been told they are never going to be able to do again = on leur a dit qu’ils ne pourrait plus jamais le faire (= marcher)

In a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Angeli and colleagues report that they implanted an array of 16 electrodes in the lower back of four patients, paralysed after mountain bike or traffic accidents several years before. The device, originally developed many years ago for pain control, was placed below the site of injury, covering regions that send sensorimotor signals to the legs while a battery was implanted in the abdominal wall, allowing the frequency of the stimulation, its intensity and duration, to be tweaked wirelessly. Electrical activity produced by muscles in the legs was monitored during the sessions.

A colleague = un(e) collègue

An array = une série de

The lower back = le bas du dos

Mountain bike = un VTT

Traffic accident = un accident de la circulation

Several = plusieurs

Pain  = la douleur

The legs = les jambes

Abdominal wall = la ceinture abdominale

To tweak = ajuster, modifier

Wirelessly = sans fil

The approach – called epidural stimulation – works on the principle that there are still some small signals from the brain that cross the site of the spinal cord injury – even though these are not enough on their own to generate voluntary movement. “We know the spinal cord has the ability to organise very detailed motor activity,” said Angeli. “But before the injury it was getting commands from the brain and it was getting information from the environment as well.” The injury, she said, disrupts this. “The spinal cord is isolated, it potentially still receives information from the environment, but it is losing the big driver, which was the brain.”

To cross = traverser

Even though = même si

Not enough on their own = pas suffisant en soi

The ability to = la capacité à

It was getting commands from the brain = elle était commandée par le cerveau

To disrupt = perturber, interrompre

Still = encore

Angeli said that it is thought that when the implanted device is turned on, the resulting electrical stimulation raises the excitability of the spinal cord – in a sense making it more alert. “It is like it is more aware, it actually can listen to that little whisper from the brain that is still there and it can generate the motor pattern,” said Angeli, adding that training to link movements with these signals is crucial. All four of the people had lost all motor control below the site of the injury, although two had some level of sensation.

To turn on = activer, mettre en marche

To raise = élever, augmenter

Alert = vigilant

To be aware = être conscient

A whisper = un murmure

To add = ajouter

To train = s’entrainer

To link = lier, relier, établir une connection

Although = bien que, alors que

After implantation of the device and locomotor training, the latter two were eventually able to walk over ground unassisted. Kelly Thomas was able to walk after 81 sessions of stimulation over 15 weeks, although she had to use a walking frame, while Jeff Marquis was able to walk just over 90 metres without a break after 278 sessions over 85 weeks. Thomas, a 23-year-old from Florida, said: “being a participant in this study truly changed my life, as it has provided me with a hope that I didn’t think was possible after my car accident.”

The latter two = ces deux derniers

Eventually = finalement

A walking frame = un support de marche

Without = sans

A break = une pause

Truly = véritablement

To provide = fournir, apporter

A hope = un espoir

The other two people became able to stand and sit independently and one was also able to make some stepping motions on a treadmill when supported – however the other sustained a spontaneous hip fracture after one week of training and only began training again a year later. A separate paper by researchers from the Mayo clinic in Minnesota and UCLA, published in the journal Nature Medicine, also reports success with the same approach. The team reveals that after 43 weeks of training with the implant 29-year-old Jered Chinnock, paralysed after a snowmobile accident and left with no sensation or voluntary motion below the injury, could walk without assistance on a treadmill – holding on to the rails – and across the ground, albeit with a moving frame and a little human assistance to maintain balance. He did not, however, regain sensation in his legs.

To stand = se mettre debout

Stepping motions = des mouvements de marche

A treadmill = un tapis de course

However = cependant

To sustain = (ici) subir

The hip = la hanche

A snowmobile = un scooter des neiges

Albeit = bien que, quoique

To maintain balance = garder l’équilibre

A leg = une jambe

“The patient’s own mind, or thought, was able to drive the movement in the legs,” said Dr Kendall Lee of the Mayo Clinic, one of the principal investigators of the study, but he stressed that much about the mechanism remained unknown.“You have to deliver a very specific type of stimulation parameters. A random stimulation does not work,” he added. None of the people were able to achieve such actions when the stimulator was turned off.

The mind = l’esprit

To stress = souligner, mettre l’accent sur

To remain = rester, demeurer

Unknown = inconnu

To deliver = effectuer

Random = aléatoire

To achieve = accomplir

To turn off = éteindre

Angeli said programming the device to give the best results takes time, and that there is a fine balance to be struck when tuning the intensity of the stimulation. If it is too low, the brain signals will still not be “heard” while, if it is too high, it can trigger involuntary movement of the legs. But she said there are hopes the approach could help with more than leg movement. “A future direction that we are actually starting right now is to see if we target the epidural stimulation for [the] bladder itself, if we can actually improve the bladder control.”

A fine balance to be struck = un bon équilibre à atteindre

To tune = régler, caler

Low = bas

While = alors que, pendant que

High = haut, fort

To trigger = déclencher, provoquer

To target = cibler

The bladder = la vessie

To improve = améliorer

Prof Grégoire Courtine from the EPFL research institute in Switzerland, who was not involved in either study, said he welcomed the research. But he said a key problem is that the current applied to the electrodes is continuous, meaning it can only be of low intensity – which may not result in the “whisper” from the brain being heard loudly enough by the legs. Courtine said he is working to solve this issue by synchronising the electrical stimulation with intended movements – his previous work in monkeys used brain implants to pick up on movement signals from the brain and send them to the legs, by-passing the site of injury and allowing a greater amplification of the signal to produce more robust muscle activity.

To be involved in = être impliqué dans

A key problem = un problème central/ clé

The current = le courant

Loudly enough = assez fort (avec intensité)

To solve an issue = résoudre un problème

Intended = prévu, délibéré

A monkey = un singe

To pick up on = rebondir sur, relever

By-passing = dériver

Greater = plus grand

Mike Milner, CEO of the Nicholls Spinal Injury Foundation was also cautious, saying while the research looked promising, the charity supports another approach to tackle spinal injury using special cells taken from a patient’s nose, as well as nerve fibres, to patch the site of the injury. “We are looking for not only a natural, or biological, cure for paralysis – but a permanent one,” he said.

CEO = Chief Executive Officer = PDG

Cautious = prudent

A charity = une association caritative

To support = encourager

To tackle = s’attaquer à

A cell = une cellule

The nose = le nez

As well as = ainsi que

Nerve fibres = des fibres nerveuses

To patch = « réparer »

The author is Nicola Davis (The Guardian)

Mon 24 Sep 2018

Revolutionary spinal cord implant helps paralysed patients walk again

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/24/revolutionary-spinal-cord-implant-helps-paralysed-patients-walk-again